Computation Structures (Spring 2017)

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• Assignments: programming with examples

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This course introduces architecture of digital systems, emphasizing structural principles common to a wide range of technologies. It covers the topics including multilevel implementation strategies, definition of new primitives (e.g., gates, instructions, procedures, processes) and their mechanization using lower-level elements. It also includes analysis of potential concurrency, precedence constraints and performance measures, pipelined and multidimensional systems, instruction set design issues and architectural support for contemporary software structures.

1.2.1 What is Information?.
1.2.2 Quantifying Information.
1.2.3 Entropy.
1.2.4 Encoding.
1.2.5 Fixed-length Encodings.
1.2.6 Signed Integers: 2's complement.
1.2.7 Variable-length Encoding.
1.2.8 Huffman's Algorithm.
1.2.9 Huffman Code.
1.2.10 Error Detection and Correction.
1.2.11 Error Correction.
1.2.12 Worked Examples: Quantifying Information.
1.2.12 Worked Examples: Two's Complement Representation.
1.2.12 Worked Examples: Two's Complement Addition.
1.2.12 Worked Examples: Huffman Encoding.
1.2.12 Worked Examples: Error Correction.
2.2.1 Concrete Encoding of Information.
2.2.2 Analog Signaling.
2.2.3 Using Voltages Digitally.
2.2.4 Combinational Devices.
2.2.5 Dealing with Noise.
2.2.6 Voltage Transfer Characteristic.
2.2.7 VTC Example.
2.2.8 Worked Examples: The Static Discipline.
3.2.1 MOSFET: Physical View.
3.2.2 MOSFET: Electrical View.
3.2.3 CMOS Recipe.
3.2.4 Beyond Inverters.
3.2.5 CMOS Gates.
3.2.6 CMOS Timing.
3.2.7 Lenient Gates.
3.2.8 Worked Examples: CMOS Functions.
3.2.8 Worked Examples: CMOS Logic Gates.
4.2.1 Sum of Products.
4.2.2 Useful Logic Gates.
4.2.3 Inverting Logic.
4.2.4 Logic Simplification.
4.2.5 Karnaugh Maps.
4.2.6 Multiplexers.
4.2.7 Read-only Memories.
4.2.8 Worked Examples: Truth Tables.
4.2.8 Worked Examples: Gates and Boolean Logic.
4.2.8 Worked Examples: Combinational Logic Timing.
4.2.8 Worked Examples: Karnaugh Maps.
5.2.1 Digital State.
5.2.2 D Latch.
5.2.3 D Register.
5.2.4 D Register Timing.
5.2.5 Sequential Circuit Timing.
5.2.6 Timing Example.
5.2.7 Worked Example 1.
5.2.8 Worked Example 2.
6.2.1 Finite State Machines.
6.2.2 State Transition Diagrams.
6.2.3 FSM States.
6.2.4 Roboant Example.
6.2.5 Equivalent States; Implementation.
6.2.6 Synchronization and Metastability.
6.2.7 Worked Examples: FSM States and Transitions.
6.2.7 Worked Examples: FSM Implementation.
7.2.1 Latency and Throughput.
7.2.2 Pipelined Circuits.
7.2.3 Pipelining Methodology.
7.2.4 Circuit Interleaving.
7.2.5 Self-timed Circuits.
7.2.6 Control Structures.
7.2.7 Worked Examples: Pipelining.
7.2.7 Worked Examples: Pipelining 2.
8.2.1 Power Dissipation.
8.2.2 Carry-select Adders.
8.2.3 Carry-lookahead Adders.
8.2.4 Binary Multiplication.
8.2.5 Multiplier Tradeoffs.
8.2.6 Part 1 Wrap-up.
9.2.1 Datapaths and FSMs.
9.2.2 Programmable Datapaths.
9.2.3 The von Neumann Model.
9.2.4 Storage.
9.2.5 ALU Instructions.
9.2.6 Constant Operands.
9.2.7 Memory Access.
9.2.8 Branches.
9.2.9 Jumps.
9.2.10 Worked Examples: Programmable Architectures.
10.2.1 Intro to Assembly Language.
10.2.2 Symbols and Labels.
10.2.3 Instruction Macros.
10.2.4 Assembly Wrap-up.
10.2.5 Models of Computation.
10.2.6 Computability, Universality.
10.2.7 Uncomputable Functions.
10.2.8 Worked Examples: Beta Assembly.
11.2.1 Iterpretation and Compilation.
11.2.2 Compiling Expressions.
11.2.3 Compiling Statements.
11.2.4 Compiler Frontend.
11.2.5 Optimization and Code Generation.
11.2.6 Worked Examples.
12.2.1 Procedures.
12.2.2 Activation Records and Stacks.
12.2.3 Stack Frame Organization.
12.2.4 Compiling a Procedure.
12.2.5 Stack Detective.
12.2.6 Worked Examples: Procedures and Stacks.
13.2.1 Building Blocks.
13.2.2 ALU Instructions.
13.2.3 Load and Store.
13.2.4 Jumps and Branches.
13.2.5 Exceptions.
13.2.6 Summary.
13.2.7 Worked Examples: A Better Beta.
13.2.7 Worked Examples: Beta Control Signals.
14.2.1 Memory Technologies.
14.2.2 SRAM.
14.2.3 DRAM.
14.2.4 Non-volatile Storage; Using the Hierarchy.
14.2.5 The Locality Principle.
14.2.6 Caches.
14.2.7 Direct-mapped Caches.
14.2.8 Block Size; Cache Conflicts.
14.2.9 Associative Caches.
14.2.10 Write Strategies.
14.2.11 Worked Examples: Cache Benefits.
14.2.11 Worked Examples: Caches.
15.2.1 Improving Beta Performance.
15.2.2 Basic 5-Stage Pipeline.
15.2.3 Data Hazards.
15.2.4 Control Hazards.
15.2.5 Exceptions and Interrupts.
15.2.6 Pipelining Summary.
15.2.7 Worked Examples: Pipelined Beta.
15.2.7 Worked Examples: Beta Junkyard.
16.2.1 Even More Memory Hierarchy.
16.2.2 Basics of Virtual Memory.
16.2.3 Page Faults.
16.2.4 Building the MMU.
16.2.5 Contexts.
16.2.6 MMU Improvements.
16.2.7 Worked Examples: Virtual Memory.
17.2.1 Recap: Virtual Memory.
17.2.2 Processes.
17.2.3 Timesharing.
17.2.4 Handling Illegal Instructions.
17.2.5 Supevisor Calls.
17.2.6 Worked Examples: Operating Systems.
18.2.1 OS Device Handlers.
18.2.2 SVCs for Input/Output.
18.2.3 Example: Match Handler with OS.
18.2.4 Real Time.
18.2.5 Weak Priorities.
18.2.6 Strong Priorities.
18.2.7 Example: Priorities in Action!.
18.2.8 Worked Examples: Devices and Interrupts.
19.2.1 Interprocess Communication.
19.2.2 Semaphores.
19.2.3 Atomic Transactions.
19.2.4 Semaphore Implementation.
19.2.5 Deadlock.
19.2.6 Worked Examples: Semaphores.
20.2.1 System-level Interfaces.
20.2.2 Wires.
20.2.3 Buses.
20.2.4 Point-to-point Communication.
20.2.5 System-level Interconnect.
20.2.6 Communication Topologies.
21.2.1 Instruction-level Parallelism.
21.2.2 Data-level Parallelism.
21.2.3 Thread-level Parallelism.
21.2.4 Shared Memory & Caches.
21.2.5 Cache Coherence.
21.2.6 6.004 Wrap-up.
An Interview with Christopher Terman on Teaching Computation Structures.