Measuring Pharmacodynamics: From Ligand Binding to Clinical Outcomes

In this course about measuring biological activity, students will learn different methods of activity measurement encountered at different stages of a drug program. The three-week course starts with an introduction to drug targets, which are biological molecules affected by drugs. The second week emphasizes biochemical, cellular, and computational methods for determining the extent to which a drug can affect the action of its target and associated signal pathways. In the final week, students will transition to in vivo studies and the interpretation of dose-response curves.

Students in the course should understand the concepts of proteins and biological pathways. Students should also be comfortable with algebraic expressions, including logarithmic functions. The course is designed in modules. Each module opens with a short video on a selected topic. The module continues with a short reading or exercise with an assessment activity. Each module will require approximately 1 hour to complete, and the course includes 15 modules. Two approaches to the course are recommended. One, a student might spend an hour per day on the course and complete all 15 modules in approximately three weeks. Two, a student with additional available time may be able to work through the entire course in just a single week or over an extended weekend.

Students signed up for the Audit Track have access to the instructional video materials. Students enrolled through the Verified Track have access to the instructional videos, the readings and activities, the assessments, as well as selected additional videos related to the primary instructional videos.

week 1

• pathways, targets, and responses

• mechanism of action, mode of action, and indication

• types of targets and ligands

• enzyme and receptor activity curves

• potency vs. efficacy

week 2

• types of assays

• binding assays

• in silico assays and screens

• functional in vitro assays

• comparing potency values

week 3

• in vivo preclinical studies

• what are biomarkers?

• outcomes and surrogate endpoints

• dose-response curves

• using assays to discover new drugs