The Story of Helium and the Birth of Astrophysics by Biman Nath

Explore the captivating history of helium's discovery and its pivotal role in the birth of astrophysics in this comprehensive lecture. Delve into the 150-year-old story of how helium was first detected during a solar eclipse in India in 1868, marking it as the first element discovered by astronomers before being found on Earth. Uncover the confusion surrounding its discovery, the key figures involved, and the scientific breakthroughs that followed. Learn about the significance of spectral lines, solar phenomena, and the chromosphere in this groundbreaking discovery. Trace the journey from helium's initial detection to its eventual isolation on Earth, and understand how this discovery revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos. Gain insights from astrophysicist Biman Nath as he weaves together the scientific, historical, and cultural aspects of this remarkable tale, highlighting the interconnectedness of astronomy, chemistry, and physics in the late 19th century.

Introduction
Helium and Discovery
Johnson noticed
French article
Dark lines
Front hopper spectrum
Bright and dark lines
Blackbody
Sunspot
James Francis Tennant
Norman Block
Solar storms
John Herschel
A colorful language
His own initiative
Descending on Guntur
Eclipse
Hand Painted Spectrum
Perpetual Eclipse
chromosphere
Edward Franklin
Charles Young
D3 Line
The Problem
The Criticism
Total Solar Eclipse
Johnson in India
Venus Transit
Huggins and Loeb
Helium on Earth
Two Types of Helium