Hypercalcemia

Explore the comprehensive review of hypercalcemia, covering clinical manifestations, etiologies, diagnostic approaches, and treatment options. Delve into major topics including hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia of malignancy, milk-alkali syndrome, and bisphosphonates. Learn about the diagnostic algorithm for differentiating between malignancy and primary hyperparathyroidism, and understand various treatment modalities such as normal saline, furosemide, bisphosphonates, calcitonin, steroids, and gallium nitrate. Gain valuable insights into this important medical condition through a structured exploration of its key aspects and management strategies.

Intro
Clinical Manifestations
Etiologies of Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Mechanisms of Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
Diagnostic Evaluation
Diagnostic Algorithm
Malignancy vs. Primary Hyperparathroidism
Treatment Options
Normal Saline and Furosemide
Bisphosphonates
Calcitonin
Steroids
Gallium Nitrate
Treatment Summary